Method For Enhancing Enzyme Assays

ABSTRACT

Additives capable of controlling the reaction rate between substrate and enzyme to form a dye in enzyme assays with absorbance, chemiluminescence, and fluorescence are effective tools for optimizing enzyme assays. A dye can be formed rapidly from the reaction between enzyme and substrate in the presence of a catalyst. Using relatively high concentration of dye formed from the rapid reaction, trace levels of analytical materials can be quantified using absorbance, chemiluminecence and fluorescence detection. A dye can be formed from a relatively slow reaction between enzyme and substrate in the presence of a surfactant such as Triton X-100 and β-cyclodextrin. Using relatively low concentration of dye from the slow reaction, a high concentration of analytical material can be quantified without any dilution using absorbance, chemiluminescence, and fluorescence.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Patent Application Ser. No. 61/454,026, filed Mar. 18, 2011.

FIELD OF INVENTION

This invention involves enzyme assays for quantifying biomarkers and toxic materials using various detection methods such as absorbance, chemiluminescence and fluorescence.

BACKGROUND

Enzyme assay methods are widely applied in various fields such as biochemistry, clinical chemistry, homeland security, molecular biology, pathology, and toxicology. The sensitivity of enzyme assays capable of sensing analyte existing in a small volume of a sample is dependent on various factors such as the components as well as concentration of buffer solution, incubation time, the reactivity between enzyme and substrate, temperature, and detection method (e.g., absorbance, chemiluminescence, fluorescence). It is possible to rapidly quantify trace levels of analytical materials when these factors are optimized.

The condition of each factor can be optimized independently, but these factors interact in a complementary manner to enhance the accuracy, precision, reproducibility, and sensitivity. For example, it is well-known that chemiluminescence detection is more sensitive than absorbance and fluorescence, which have relatively high background noise. An enzyme assay with chemiluminescence detection is faster than those with absorbance and fluorescence because the incubation time of the former is shorter than that of the latter. Thus, it is desirable to be able to optimize enzyme assay methods to more easily and rapidly detect low-level concentrations of analytes as well as to be able to quantify higher concentrations.

SUMMARY

The present invention provides additives (e.g., catalyst, surfactant) capable of controlling the reaction rate between substrate and enzyme to form a dye in enzyme assays with absorbance, chemiluminescence, and fluorescence. A dye can be formed rapidly from the reaction between enzyme and substrate in the presence of a catalyst such as p-Iodophenol and 4-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl) phenol. Using relatively high concentration of dye formed from the rapid reaction, trace levels of analytical materials can be quantified using absorbance, chemiluminecence and fluorescence detection. A dye can be formed from the relatively slow reaction between enzyme and substrate in the presence of a surfactant such as Triton X-100 and β-cyclodextrin. Using relatively low concentration of dye from the slow reaction, a high concentration of analytical material can be quantified without any dilution using absorbance, chemiluminescence, and fluorescence.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 shows the signal to background noise in the absence or presence of catalyst using ODI derivative CL detection;

FIG. 2 shows a calibration curve for quantifying PSA in OD4MI CLEIA in the presence of (a) 4-Iodophenol and (b) 4-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl) phenol;

FIG. 3 shows the effect of Triton X-100 in enzyme assay with OD4MI CL detection to quantify HRP at room temperature;

FIG. 4 shows the interference effect of Triton X-100 in the reaction of Amplex Red and H₂O₂ in the presence of HRP;

FIG. 5 shows enzyme assays in the presence of four different Triton X derivatives (1.0%) to quantify HRP using OD4MI CL detection;

FIG. 6 shows calibration curves for the quantification of AFP using OD4MI CL detection in the absence and presence of Triton X-100; and

FIG. 7 is a calibration curve for the quantification of BPA using competitive OD4MI CLEIA in the absence and presence of 0.1% Triton X-100.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION AND EXAMPLES

The present invention involves the development of additives (e.g., catalyst, surfactant) to optimize enzyme assays such as enzyme immunoassays as well as conventional analytical methods capable of rapidly sensing various biological materials (e.g., glucose, choline, acetylcholine, cholesterol).

Catalysts used in enzyme assays can include p-Iodophenol, 4-(Dimethylamino) pyridine, 4-Morpholinopyridine, P-Coumaric acid, 4-Aminopyridine, 4-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl) phenol, and 4-(1-imidazolyl) phenol.

Surfactants used in enzyme assays can include Triton X-100, Triton X-114, Triton X-405, Triton X-705, α-cyclodextrin, (2-Hydroxypropyl)β-cyclodetrin, β-cyclodextrin,Carboxymethyl-β-cyclodextrin, Carbomethyl-β-cyclodextrin sodium salt, γ-cyclodextrin, Sodium dodecyl sulfate, Hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide, and Hexadecyltrimethylammonium chloride.

Enzymes used in enzyme immunoassays with absorbance, chemiluminescence, and fluorescence can include acetylcholinesterase (AChE), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and horseradish peroxidase (HRP).

Enzymes used in conventional analytical methods can be AChE, HRP and various enzymes (e.g., glucose oxidase, choline oxidase, cholesterol oxidase) used for the quantification of specific biological material such as glucose, choline, acetylcholine, cholesterol.

Substrates used in enzyme immunoassay with absorbance detection include p-Nitrophenyl Phosphate, Disodium Salt (PNPP), 2,2′-Azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS), o-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride (OPD), and 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB).

Substrates used in enzyme assay with fluorescence detection can include Amplex Red, 2,3-diaminophenazine (DAPN), fluorescein diphosphate (FDP), 4-methyl umbelliferyl phosphate (MUP), and 3-O-methyl fluorescein phosphate.

Substrates used in enzyme assay with luminol chemiluminescence detection include luminol derivatives such as luminol and isoluminol.

Substrates used in enzyme assay with 1,2-dioxetane chemiluminescence detection include 1,2-dioxetane derivatives.

Substrates used in enzyme assay with 1,1′-oxalyldiimidazole (ODI) derivative chemiluminescence detection include Amplex Red, 2,3-diaminophenazine (DAPN), fluorescein diphosphate (FDP), 4-methyl umbelliferyl phosphate (MUP), and 3-O-methyl fluorescein phosphate.

Substrates used in enzyme assay with 1,1′-oxalyldisodium benzoate (ODB) derivative chemiluminescence detection include Amplex Red, 2,3-diaminophenazine (DAPN), fluorescein diphosphate (FDP), 4-methyl umbelliferyl phosphate (MUP), and 3-O-methyl fluorescein phosphate.

ODI derivatives include 1,1′-Oxalyldiimidazole; 1,1′-Oxalyldi-2-methyl-imidazole (OD2MI); 1,1′-Oxalyldi-2-ethyl-imidazole (OD2EI); and 1,1′-Oxalyldi-4-methyl-imidazole (OD4MI).

ODB derivatives include 1,1′-oxalyldi-2-sodiumbenzoate (OD2B) and 1,1′-oxalyldi-4-sodiumbenzoate (OD4B).

Reagents and Kits

Chemicals: Bis(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)oxalate (TCPO), Imidazole (ImH), 2-Methylimidazole (2MImH), 2-Ethylimidazole (2EImH), 4-Methylimidazole (4MImH), o-phenylenediamine (OPDA), 30% Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid sodium salt, MgCl₂, and CaCl₂ were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Ethyl acetate (HPLC grade), Isopropyl alcohol (HPLC grade), deionized water (LC-MS grade), and Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) were purchased from EMD chemicals. Amplex Red was purchased from Biotium. Fluorescein diphosphate, tetraammonium salt (FDP) and 4-methyl umbelliferyl phosphate (MUP) were purchased from AnaSpec. 0.1 M sodium phosphate EDTA buffer solution (pH 7.4) was purchased from Teknova. Sterile human serum was purchased from Rockland Immunochemicals. p-Iodophenol, 4-(Dimethylamino) pyridine, 4-Morpholinopyridine, P-Coumaric acid, and 4-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl) phenol were purchased from Sigma. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) were purchased from Sigma. Triton X-100, Triton X-114, Triton X-405, Triton X-705, α-cyclodextrin, (2-Hydroxypropyl)β-cyclodetrin,β-cyclodextrin,Carboxymethyl-β-cyclodextrin, Carbomethyl-β-cyclodextrin sodium salt, γ-cyclodextrin, Sodium dodecyl sulfate, Hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide, and Hexadecyltrimethylammonium chloride were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Bisphenol A (BPA) was purchased from Aldrich. BPA Elisa Kit was purchased from Beacon Analytical System, Inc. Alphafetoprotein (AFP), Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA), and Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) as one of AccuLite® CLIA kits applied with luminol CL detection were purchased from Monobind. 1,2-dioxetane and luminol CL reagents prepared under optimum condition were purchased from KPL.

Instruments

In order to measure light under various chemiluminescence enzyme assay conditions, Luminoskan Ascent with two dispensers (Thermo Scientific) and LB 9507 Luminometer with two dispensers (Berthold Technologies) were used.

In order to measure absorbance and fluorescence under various enzyme assay conditions, Infinite M1000 well-plate reader (TECAN) was used.

EXAMPLE 1 Catalysts Capable of Enhancing the Sensitivity of Enzyme Assay A. Effects of Catalysts Added in the Reaction Between H₂O,, and Substrate in the Presence of HRP

0.25 mM of six different catalysts (p-Iodophenol, 4-(Dimethylamino) pyridine, 4-Morpholinopyridine, p-Coumaric acid, 4-aminopyridine, 4-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl) phenol) were prepared in Tris-HCl buffer solution (pH 8.5).

2.0 μM Amplex Red reagent in deionized water was prepared as a substrate for ODI derivative CL detection.

0.04 U/ml HRP containing 2.0 mM H₂O₂ was prepared in Tris-HCl buffer solution (pH 8.5).

1,1′-Oxalyldi-4-methyl-imidazole (OD4MI), one of ODI derivatives formed from the reaction between 5.0 μM TCPO, and 10.0 μM 4-Methylimidazole (4MImH) in Ethyl acetate. 100 mM H₂O₂ was prepared in Isopropyl alcohol.

Procedure

1. Mix and incubate 0.8 ml of Amplex Red (or deionized water), 0.1 ml of catalyst (or Tris-HCl buffer solution), and 0.1 ml of the mixture of HRP and H₂O₂ for 90 seconds in a 1.5 ml-centrifuge tube at room temperature. 2. Pipette 10 μl of working solution into the assigned test tube (12×75 mm) or strip well. 3. Insert the test tube into a luminometer or the strip well into a microplate luminometer. 4. Read CL emitted when OD4MI and H₂O₂ are added into the test tube or strip well through two dispensers.

FIG. 1 indicates that various catalysts can be applied as a signal enhancer in the enzyme reaction of Amplex Red and H₂O₂ in the presence of HRP. Also, the reaction rate of the enzyme reaction in the presence of catalyst is faster than that in the absence of catalyst. Based on the results of FIG. 1, it is possible to propose enzyme reaction mechanisms as shown FIGS. 1A and 1B.

FIG. 1A shows a slow enzyme reaction in the absence of catalyst for the low yield of resorufin. 1. Amplex Red, 2. Resorufin.

FIG. 1B shows a rapid enzyme reaction in the presence of catalyst for the high yield of resorufin. 1. Amplex Red, 2. resorufin

In addition, fluorescence of resorufin formed from the reactions shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B. The ratios of signal and background noise in the absence and presence of catalyst observed using fluorescence detection were similar to those shown in FIG. 1.

B. Quantification of PSA Using PSA Detection Antibody-HRP Conjugate and ODI Derivative CL Detection in the Presence of 4-Iodophenol and 4-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl) Phenol

Preparation

AccuLite® CLIA kit capable of quantifying PSA with luminol CL detection was used to develop new CLEIA method using ODI derivative CL detection. The kit is composed of 96 strip wells coated with monoclonal PSA primary antibody, PSA detection antibody-HRP conjugate, luminol as a substrate, reaction buffer, and washing buffer.

8 different PSA serum samples (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10, 25, 50 ng/ml), components of AccuLite® CLIA kit, were used as standard samples.

2.0 μM Amplex Red and 0.2 mM H₂O₂ in deionized water were prepared as described in Example 1 (A).

0.5 mM 4-Iodophenol was prepared in Tris-HCl buffer solution (pH 8.5).

2.0 mM 4-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl) phenol was prepared in Tris-HCl buffer solution (pH 8.5).

0.8 ml of aquoues solution containing Amplex Red (2.0 μM) and H₂O₂ (0.2 mM) was mixed with 0.2 ml of 4-Iodophenol (or 2.0 mM 4-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl) phenol).

OD4MI was formed from the reaction between 5.0 μM TCPO and 10.0 μM 4-Methylimidazole (4MImH) in Ethyl acetate. 100 mM H₂O₂ was prepared in Isopropyl alcohol.

Procedure

1. Pipette 25 μl of PSA standard or test sample into a strip well. 2. Add 100 μl of PSA detection antibody-HRP conjugate to the strip well 3. Swirl the strip wells for 20 seconds. 4. Incubate for 20 minutes at 37° C. 5. Discard the contents of each strip wells. 6. Wash each plate with 300 μl washing buffer. Repeat four additional times.

7. Add 100 μl working solution containing 2.0 μM Amplex Red and 0.2 mM H₂O₂ to each strip well.

8. Incubate the strip-well containing Amplex Red, H₂O₂, and 4-Iodophenol (or 2.0 mM 4-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl) phenol) for 5.0 minutes at room temperature (21˜23° C.) in the dark. 9. Pipette 10 μl of working solution into the assigned test tube (12×75 mm). 10. Insert the test tube into a luminometer or the strip well into a microplate luminometer.

11. Read (integration time: 0.5 seconds) emitted CL for 0.5 seconds when OD4MI and H₂O₂ are added into the test tube or strip well through two dispensers.

As shown in FIG. 2, the calibration curve having good R² was obtained under wide concentration ranges of PSA. The dynamic range (0˜50 ng/ml) obtained in the presence of 4-Iodophenol was the same as that in the presence of 4-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl) phenol. However, the limit of detection (LOD, the measurement of zero dose+3 standard deviations=0.03 ng/ml) in the presence of 4-Iodophenol was about 2 times lower than that (0.07 ng/ml) in the presence of 4-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl) phenol. In addition, the LOD in the presence of 4-Iodophenol or 4-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl) phenol was about 20 or 10 times lower than that in the absence of catalyst.

EXAMPLE 2 Surfactants Capable of Extending the Dynamic Range of Enzyme Assay A. Effects of Surfactants Added in the Reaction Between H₂O₂ and Substrate in the Presence of HRP

Various concentrations (0.5, 1.0, and 1.5%) of Triton X derivatives (Triton X-100, Triton X-114, Triton X-405, and Triton X-705) were prepared in Tris-HCl buffer solution (pH 8.5).

Various surfactants (e.g., (2-Hydroxypropyl)-β-cyclodetrin, β-cyclodextrin, Carboxymethyl-β-cyclodextrin, Carbomethyl-β-cyclodextrin sodium salt, γ-cyclodextrin, Sodium dodecyl sulfate, Hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide, Hexadecyltrimethylammonium chloride) of critical micelle concentration (CMC) were prepared in Tris-HCl buffer solution (pH 8.5).

As a substrate for ODI derivative CL detection, 2.0 μM Amplex Red reagent in deionized water was prepared.

Various concentrations (0˜0.1 U/ml) of HRP containing 2.0 mM H₂O₂ was prepared in Tris-HCl buffer solution (pH 8.5).

1,1′-Oxalyldi-4-methyl-imidazole (OD4MI), one of ODI derivatives was formed from the reaction between 5.0 μM TCPO, and 10.0 μM 4-Methylimidazole (4MImH) in Ethyl acetate. 100 mM H₂O₂ was prepared in Isopropyl alcohol.

Procedure

1. Mix and incubate 0.8 ml of Amplex Red (or deionized water), 0.1 ml of surfactant, one of various surfactants used in this research, and 0.1 ml of HRP containing H₂O₂ for 10 minutes in a 1.5 ml-centrifuge tube at room temperature. 2. Pipette 10 μl of working solution into the assigned test tube (12×75 mm) or strip well. 3. Insert the test tube into a luminometer or the strip well into a microplate luminometer. 4. Read CL emitted when OD4MI and H₂O₂ are added into the test tube or strip well through two dispensers.

The results shown in FIG. 3 indicate that the dynamic range of enzyme assay with OD4MI CL detection is dependent on the concentration of Triton X-100. The dynamic range (0˜0.02 U/ml) of enzyme assay in the absence of Triton X-100 was shorter than those in the presence of Triton X-100. The dynamic range of enzyme assay in the presence of higher Triton X-100 was extended up to 0.1 U/ml. The results shown in FIG. 3 indicate that Triton X-100 is acting to interfere with the reaction between Amplex Red and H₂O₂ in the presence of HRP. As shown in FIG. 4, it is difficult to interact Amplex Red, which is a hydrophobic compound, with H₂O₂ and HRP, which are hydrophilic compounds in the presence of Triton X-100.

As shown in FIG. 5, all of the Triton X derivatives are working as interference in enzyme assay to quantify HRP. The dynamic range in the presence of Triton X-100 was wider than those in other Triton X derivatives.

The dynamic ranges of enzyme essay for quantifying HRP in the presence of non-ionic surfactants (e.g., (2-Hydroxypropyl)(β-cyclodetrin,β-cyclodextrin, Carboxymethyl-β-cyclodextrin, Carbomethyl-β-cyclodextrin sodium salt, γ-cyclodextrin), cationic surfactants (e.g., Hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide, Hexadecyltrimethylammonium chloride), and anionic surfactant (e.g., Sodium dodecyl sulfate) were wider than that in the absence of surfactant.

The dynamic ranges of enzyme assays with different detections (e.g., absorbance, fluorescence, luminol chemiluminescence), instead of OD4MI CL detection, for the quantification of HRP in the presence of surfactants were wider than that in the absence of surfactant. This is because all of the substrates applied for absorbance, fluorescence, and luminol chemiluminescence detection are hydrophobic compounds.

In addition, all of the surfactants are working as interference in the reaction of ALP and various substrates applied to detect absorbance, fluorescence, and chemiluminescence. This is because all of the substrates used to sense ALP are hydrophobic compounds whereas ALP is an hydrophilic enzyme. In conclusion, a wide dynamic range to quantify hydrophilic enzyme (e.g., ellulase, cytochrome P450, esterase, β-galactosidase, β-glucosidase, β-glucuronidase, lactosidase, lipase, luciferase, protease) can be obtained in the presence of surfactant because most of the substrates applied in enzyme assays are hydrophobic compounds.

B. Quantification of AFP Using AFP Detection Antibody-HRP Conjugate and OD4MI CL Detection in the Presence of 0.1% Triton X-100 Preparation

AccuLite® CLIA kit capable of quantifying AFP with luminol CL detection was used to develop new CLEIA method using OD4MI CL detection in the presence of 0.1% Triton X-100. The kit is composed of 96 strip wells coated with monoclonal AFP primary antibody, AFP detection antibody-HRP conjugate, luminol as a substrate, reaction buffer, and washing buffer.

9 different AFP serum samples (0, 9.7, 19.5, 39, 78, 156, 312, 625, and 1250 ng/ml) were used as standard samples.

2.0 μM Amplex Red and 0.2 mM H₂O₂ in deionized water were prepared in water containing 0.1% Triton X-100.

OD4MI was formed from the reaction between 5.0 μM TCPO and 10.0 μM 4-Methylimidazole (4MImH) in Ethyl acetate. 100 mM H₂O₂ was prepared in Isopropyl alcohol.

Procedures

1. Pipette 25 μl A of AFP standard or test sample into a strip well. 2. Add 100 μl of AFP detection antibody-HRP conjugate to the strip well 3. Swirl the strip wells for 20 seconds. 4. Incubate for 30 minutes at 37° C. 5. Discard the contents of each strip wells. 6. Wash each plate with 300 μl washing buffer. Repeat four additional times. 7. Add 100 μl working solution containing 2.0 μM Amplex Red, 0.2 mM H₂O₂ and 0.1% Triton X-100 in the strip well. 8. Incubate the strip-well containing Amplex Red, H₂O₂, and 4-Iodophenol (or 2.0 mM 4-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl) phenol) for 15 minutes at room temperature (21˜23° C.) in the dark. 9. Pipette 10 μl of working solution into the assigned test tube (12×75 mm). 10. Insert the test tube into a luminometer or the strip well into a microplate luminometer. 11. Read (integration time: 0.5 seconds) emitted CL for 0.5 seconds when OD4MI and H₂O₂ are added into the test tube or strip well through two dispensers.

As shown in FIG. 6, the linear dynamic range (0˜1250 ng/ml, R²=0.9987) in the presence of 0.1% Triton X-100 was wider than that (0˜313 ng/ml, R²=0.9962). The sensitivity of OD4MI CLEIA for the quantification of AFP with the increase of Triton X-100 concentration was not as good as that in the presence of 0.1% Triton X-100. This is because it is difficult to interact Amplex Red with HRP coated on the surface of strip-well in the presence of high concentration of Triton X-100.

C. Quantification of BPA Using Competitive OD4MI CL Detection in the Presence of Triton X-100

BPA ELISA kit was used to develop a new CLEIA method using OD4MI CL detection in the presence of Triton X-100.

9 different BPA samples (0.01, 0.025, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2.5, 5, 10 ppb) dissolved in PBS buffer (pH 7.4) were used as standard samples.

As a substrate for OD4MI CL detection, 40 μM Amplex Red reagent containing 0.2 mM H₂O₂ in deionized water was prepared in the absence or presence of 0.1% Triton X-100.

OD4MI was formed from the reaction between 5.0 μM TCPO, and 10.0 μM 4-Methylimidazole (4MImH) in Ethyl acetate. 100 mM H₂O₂ was prepared in Isopropyl alcohol.

Procedure

1. Mix 60 μl of the BPA standard or test sample with 60 μl of BPA-HRP conjugate in a polypropylene well. 2. Add the mixture (100 μl) into the assigned strip wells coated with capture antibody for BPA. 3. Swirl the strip wells for 20 seconds. 4. Incubate for 30 minutes at room temperature. 5. Discard the contents of each strip well. 6. Wash each plate with 300 μl washing buffer. Repeat four additional times. 7. Add 100 μl working solution containing 40 μM Amplex Red, 0.2 mM H₂O₂ and 0.1% Triton X-100 to each strip well. 8. Incubate for 15 minutes at room temperature (21˜23 ° C.) in the dark. 9. Pipette 10 μl of working solution into the assigned test tube (12×75 mm). 10. Insert the test tube into a luminometer or the strip well into a microplate luminometer. 11. Read CL emitted when OD4MI and H₂O₂ are added into the test tube or strip well through two dispensers.

As shown in FIG. 7, the linear dynamic range (0.025˜5 ppb, R²=0.9973) in the presence of 0.1% Triton X-100 was wider than that (0.1˜2.5 ppb, R²=0.995). The sensitivity of OD4MI CLEIA for the quantification of BPA with the increase of Triton X-100 concentration was not as good as that in the presence of 0.1% Triton X-100. This is because it is difficult to interact Amplex Red with HRP coated on the surface of strip-well in the presence of high concentration of Triton X-100.

CONCLUSION

While various embodiments of the present invention have been described above, it should be understood that they have been presented by way of example only, and not limitation. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Thus, the breadth and scope of the invention should not be limited by any of the above-described exemplary embodiments. 

1. A method of enhancing sensitivity of a chemiluminescent immunoassay, comprising reacting a substrate with hydrogen peroxide in the presence of horseradish peroxidase and a catalyst.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the substrate comprises Amplex Red or OPDA.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the catalyst is p-Iodophenol, 4-(Dimethylamino) pyridine, 4-Morpholinopyridine, P-Coumaric acid, 4-Aminopyridine, 4-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl) phenol, or 4-(1-imidazolyl)phenol
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the chemiluminescent immunoassay further comprises a peroxyoxalate reagent.
 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the peroxyoxalate reagent is a 1,1′-oxalyldiimidazole (ODI) derivative or 1′-oxalyldisodium benzoate (ODB) derivative.
 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the ODI derivative is 1,1′-Oxalyldiimidazole; 1,1′-Oxalyldi-2-methyl-imidazole (OD2MI); 1,1′-Oxalyldi-2-ethyl-imidazole (OD2EI); or 1,1′-Oxalyldi-4-methyl-imidazole (OD4MI).
 7. The method of claim 5, wherein the ODB derivative is 1,1′-oxalyldi-2-sodiumbenzoate (OD2B) or 1,1′-oxalyldi-4-sodiumbenzoate (OD4B).
 8. A method of enhancing an enzyme immunoassay, comprising reacting a substrate with an enzyme in the presence of a surfactant.
 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the enzyme immunoassay is ELISA, fluorescene EIA, Luminol CLEIA, 1,2-dioxetane CLEIA, ODB CLEIA, or ODI CLEIA.
 10. The method of claim 8, wherein the enzyme is horseradish peroxidase (HRP), Alkaline phophatase (ALP), glucose oxidase (GOx), β-Galactoxidase, or acetylcholinesterase (AchE).
 11. The method of claim 8, wherein the surfactant is anionic surfactant, cationic surfactant, or non-ionic surfactant.
 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the anionic surfactant is Sodium dodecyl sulfate.
 13. The method of claim 11, wherein the cationic surfactant is Hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide, or Hexadecyltrimethylammonium chloride.
 14. The method of claim 11, wherein the non-ionic surfactant is a Triton X derivative or a cyclodextrin derivative.
 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the Triton X derivative is Triton X-45, Triton X-100, Triton X-114, Triton X-405, or Triton X-705.
 16. The method of claim 14, wherein the cyclodextrin derivative is α-cyclodextrin, (2-Hydroxypropyl)-β-cyclodetrin, β-cyclodextrin, Carboxymethyl-β-cyclodextrin, Carbomethyl-β-cyclodextrin sodium salt, or γ-cyclodextrin. 